For a citation directly to a footnote, give the page number on which the. The institute for inclusion in the legal profession style. How to use this style guide the institute for inclusion in the legal profession style guide is designed to aid authors in preparing their articles for publication with the institute. Place the subsequent history after the primary citation, with a comma separating them. As their presence on this list indicates, these rules are hard to find, sometimes only by actually leafing through and scanning the bluebook. Make sure that footnote number is selected in the insert reference to menu. Pages, paragraphs, and pincites bluebook legal citation. The footnote number should appear after the final punctuation of the quotation. A note number should generally be placed at the end of a sentence or at the end of a clause.
If you do this, then it is very easy to update all the footnote number references later. If the footnote refers to the last word phrase from that sentence, then the footnote should be inserted before the punctuation mark. Furthermore, these rules are not necessarily intuitiveafter. Footnotes and other references footnote indicators. The following information regarding the bluebook citation format is an adapted version of the style and formatting guidelines found in the bluebook, 20th ed. Additionally, the chicago manual of style recommends its use for all citation of legal material. Typeface conventions bluebook legal citation tarlton law. Position of footnote numbers in text mary morel online. A footnote is a piece of text which, for some reason, cannot be accommodated within the main body of the document and which is therefore placed elsewhere. The institute for inclusion in the legal profession style guide i. Indent one tab or five spaces on the first line of each footnote.
But to elaborate a bit, it may be appropriate to place footnotes after punctuation appearing in the middle of the. It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. Generally, grammar and punctuation should follow the sixteenth edition of the. Dec 27, 2018 the asterisk goes before the dash, but after every other punctuation mark. Make sure to include an explanatory phrase, found in t8. Dec 19, 2019 any other authority in a footnote should use the typeface convention for a full or short citation. Footnote text cases in footnotes should be italicized when they are grammatically part of the sentence. Footnote references should be placed outside punctuation, but inside the closing parenthesis when referring to matter within parentheses. It should therefore be consulted before submitting any article for publication. Please bear in mind my citations are not superscripted, heres an example. Place footnote calls after all punctuation marks other than em dashes, except if the footnote relates solely to a parenthetical, in which case.
It makes no distinction between a single word or phrase. When citing quoted sources, the number should be placed at the end of the quotation and not after the authors name if that appears first in the text. Numbers should follow punctuation, and preferably be placed at the end of a sentence. With that in mind, here is a list of some of the more obscure bluebook rules. Before examples are given, some general rules should be mentioned. Parentheticals bluebook citation libguides at florida. The yale law journal volume 123 style sheet the yale law journal follows the bluebook. Numbers denoting footnotes should always appear after punctuation, with the exception of one piece of punctuation 3 the dash. Since sic is never mandatory, there are other choices, like saying before or after the quotation, the reader will note that traitor is spelled wrong. Each goldbook rule number corresponds to the matching bluebook. Texts in romance languages usually place footnote markers before punctuation. In german i never saw a footnote a refering to the half sentence before the comma.
If you are using the apa style, make sure you always follow rule 2. When i want to cite a source for a complete sentence, you put the citation before or after the period. The asterisk used to be used to omit letters, and theres at least one place where that practice survives. I have likewise seen some departures from this, but again my sense is that they remain rare exceptions. When a colon is appropriate, whether a superscript falls before or after it depends on the circumstance, not any absolute rule. Select the footnote you want to refer to in the footnote list.
The number normally follows a quotation whether it is run into the text or set as an extract. So, applying this rule, the footnote goes at the end, unless there are two footnotes in the sentence in which case the footnote relating to the short quote goes after the quote. I usually change this on the fly while translating, but ive just received a text i outsourced because it was italianenglish and the translator hasnt moved the footnote markers. Wherever possible, immediately after direct quotations.
Any other authority in a footnote should use the typeface convention for a full or short citation. Bluebook citation for legal materials purdue writing lab. Instead, in the case of footnotes, indicate the page number on which the footnote is found, followed first by a space and then by n. Periods with quotation marks grammar and punctuation. When a footnote must be placed at the end of a clause, 1 add the number after the comma. Blue pages this guide covers the bluebook s white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers.
If there is a subsequent history or related authority component to the citation, place these after the parentheticals in the citation sentence. Placement of footnote reference relative to closing. For example, you could leave the first letter but use asterisks to replace the missing letters. Verify if a comma is needed after the appropriate explanatory phrase. Essentials punctuation of quotations hamilton college. Do not indicate the deletion of matter after the period or other final punctuation that concludes the last quoted sentence. So your note b refers to the complete sentence before. Typeface conventions bluebook legal citation tarlton.
March 27, 2017 should i put punctuation after quotation marks. There are two rules to remember about punctuation and footnotes, but when it comes to commas, most of us get rule 1 wrong. If the cited phraseidea is inside brackets, the footnote should be before the closing bracket. If the footnote or endnote refers to a complete sentence the footnote sign must directly follow the punctuation of the sentence. In some procedural documents, citations can be made in a citation sentence or a citation clause. If these have already been answered, i apologize and would be happy to be pointed in the right direction. When footnotes are included in your publication, grant proposal, or other writing, any punctuation used must go before the footnote. The footnote should appear after the relevant punctuation in the text, unless for clarity it is necessary to put it directly following the word or phrase.
Footnoteendnote references before or after punctuation. Does a footnote reference go before or after a punctuation mark. My question is where should i put the footnote relative to the closing quotation mark. Should you put citations before or after interpunction. So what if you want to cite a case or other primary source that you have cited before. For the rare situations in which neither of these works covers a particular stylistic matter, we. Page numbers are typically cited following the name of a work and before a date parenthetical. It is placed after a quoted passage, not after the words introducing the quotation. Should i put my footnote reference before or after the closing quotation mark. In order to determine how to punctuate the phrase that comes before a quotation, you need to know whether the phase is an independent clause. Commas, semicolons, and other punctuation marks should be in. Automatically move footnotes after punctuation, rather.
While footnote citation is the norm for law journal and treatise writing, citations in memoranda, briefs, and judicial opinions are more commonly. This slatebook is keyed to the 17th edition of the bluebook, and that is the edition. The chicago manual of style online is the venerable, timetested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. When citing to a specific page in a citation that includes a page number use a comma to separate the pincite from the first page of the authority. If you plan to refer to this case later, provide the reader with a short form in. In endnotes, citation sentences begin one space after a textual proposition. Punctuation, quotation marks, and footnotes the volokh. Oct 07, 2007 since sic is never mandatory, there are other choices, like saying before or after the quotation, the reader will note that traitor is spelled wrong. The court held that the alleged counduct, if true, would be a serious violation of the statue. When cases are parts of citation clauses in footnotes, they should not be italicized. Sometimes, you need to cite to information contained in a footnote or endnote. Just want to make sure im on the right track before i waste even more time if ive been doing this incorrectly. If the author being cited is the author of all volumes of a multivolume work like a treatise, the volume number goes before the authors name. They should be placed after, not before, a word or paragraph that is explained or amplified.
Footnote references and punctuations pain in the english. Reference to the footnote citing the source of an excerpt should. Note that there is no comma between the page number and the n. Bluebook footnote before or after comma keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see which keywords most interested customers on the this website.
Place footnote calls after all punctuation marks other than em dashes, except if the footnote relates solely to a parenthetical, in which case place the call within the parentheses. How to use an asterisk grammar girl quick and dirty tips. If you follow british english rules, then bart is correct and you must use logic instead of just following a rule. Include the full citation to the case immediately after the relevant text. Put a space between the footnote number and the footnote itself. Footnotes may also appear on their own page after the references page in your document. When the quotation is merged into a clause, no punctuation is necessary to divide them. It makes no distinction between numeric or symbol footnotes. Our version, created by the centre for academic writing, provides a stable instrument with which to refer to sources in academic writing. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2 use for their memo assignments. But to elaborate a bit, it may be appropriate to place footnotes after punctuation appearing in the middle of the sentence. How to properly typeset footnotessuperscripts after punctuation marks. Learn more about styles and usage with my online course, grammar, punctuation and usage. With a computer, use only one space following periods, commas, semicolons, colons, exclamation points, question marks, and quotation marks.
Alexa asked about the placement of superscripted footnote indicators in relation to punctuation. Center and bold the word footnotes at the top of the page. Bluebook citation for llm students harvard library research guides. The style guides i consulted are effectively unanimous in agreeing that, when a footnote comprehends the entire sentence or clause at whose end the footnote callout is to appear, the callout superscript number or mark should appear after any punctuation marks that appear at that pointunless the punctuation mark in question is a dash or in. Avoid using superscript note identifiers in headings. The space needed after these punctuation marks is proportioned automatically. But if you begin a new sentence after a citation, that new sentence will be two spaces after the citation. Bluebook citation for llm students bluebook citation for. Citation format examples for footnotes general rules times new roman, size 10, 1 line spacing, justified. This is the american english rule this newsletter, the blue book of grammar and punctuation, and. When footnoting, it is typical to place all footnotes at the end of the sentence. And if you cite for a word, or figure, do you put it before or after the comma. Do footnoting superscripts go inside or outside punctuation.
If the footnote refers to the whole sentence, then i would insert it after the punctuation mark. If the case has a prior history, place the prior history before the subsequent history in the case citation. How to automatically remove space before punctuation and adding after sign. Bluebook footnote before or after comma keyword found. Automatically move footnotes after punctuation, rather than. An introduction to footnote referencing capstone editing. If they refer to the whole sentence, put them after the full stop.
Couple of quick obscure bluebook rules im struggling with and my editor is mia. Blue pages this guide covers the bluebooks white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers. I usually change this on the fly while translating, but ive just received a text i outsourced. It is usual, and preferable, to place footnotes at the bottom of the page on which they are referred to, but this usually requires a great deal of fiddling about, unless you are lucky enough to have a word. Footnotes should begin with the numbers indented 1 em space. The bluebook style guide is used in the american legal profession for citation of all relevant sources. What about footnote numbers in midsentence that fall next to some other form of punctuation comma, semicolon, etc. Jun 12, 2014 at the end of a sentence or clause, rather than immediately after the words to which they relate. Numbered volumes are cited in arabic numerals 1,2,3, not roman numerals i,ii,iii, even if that is how they appear in the original. I find the spacing of footnote marks after punctuation marks quite unsatisfactory, especially with sans serif fonts and compared to the spacing after letters. Punctuation, quotation marks, and footnotes the volokh conspiracy.
Texas, with a history of rugged individualism, was part of the sagebrush rebellion. In the following examples, you can see how the footnote flag the superscript number is placed to the right of most punctuation marks. Always use a signal unless 1 the cited authority directly states the proposition in the text. If the australian style manual says superscripts should be placed within punctuation except at the end of a sentence that could be well and good. If the sentence contains a short quotation and another footnote to a different source, place the footnote number after any punctuation following the quotation.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Foreword to the coventry university harvard reference style guide the coventry university harvard reference style is a customisation of an authordate or harvard referencing system. Oct 19, 2017 the footnote flag is normally placed just after the portion of text it refers to, and normally after a punctuation mark. Before all punctuation marks save the endofsentence ones. You should use ordinary plain text for case names in full citations, except for. Punctuation like commas and semicolons should only be italicized when they are part of the italicized material, and not when they are part of the citation or sentence in which they appear. Oct 24, 2018 place the subsequent history after the primary citation, with a comma separating them. Except as otherwise provided in the goldbook, all citations must conform to the twentieth.
How to properly typeset footnotessuperscripts after. Dec 04, 20 if the sentence contains a short quotation and another footnote to a different source, place the footnote number after any punctuation following the quotation. Furthermore, these rules are not necessarily intuitiveafter all, why, for. Or you could stop or interrupt the quote before the misspelling and simply tell readers that the message sent to the account called the person a traitor, but misspelled it. When a footnote must be placed at the end of a sentence, add the number after the period. Some of the most obscure bluebook rules or how to really. The exception is dashes, where the footnote flag is placed before the punctuation mark. The institute for inclusion in the legal profession style guide. I was taught that this was the one exception to the quotation mark following the period. Jan 27, 2017 when footnoting, it is typical to place all footnotes at the end of the sentence.
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